TGFB1 and rheumatoid arthritis: Given that TGFβ and BMP contribute to the pathogenesis of RA, and BMPs generally regulate bone development [1, 27–29], using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) we manually curated a list of 27 genes related to TGFβ/BMP signaling including Smads, BMP ligands and receptors, and TGFβ ligands and receptors (Supplemental Table 2).