However, other studies have shown that plasma irisin levels are high in NAFLD patients in comparison with controls [176] and the most recent study has shown that plasma of patients with NAFLD contains higher levels of irisin, in direct relationship with the IHL content [177]; further, in HIV patients without diabetes, higher irisin levels were associated with insulin resistance, NAFLD and subclinical atherosclerosis [178]. Here, FNDC5 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.