NANOG and neoplasm: We further detect the levels of known CSCs and metastasis-related genes [32, 33], and our data imply that high level of intra-tumor F. nucleatum may induce stemness through activating certain specific transcription factors, such as NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 and activate associated signaling pathway, such as WNT/β-catenin and IGF-1 receptor pathway.