ERBB2 and cancer: Using previously developed epithelial recognition algorithms (ERAs) and specific recognition algorithms (SRAs), which included cytoplasmic and membrane recognition algorithms [28–30] for the PyVT (cytoplasmic signals) (Figure 9A) and the ErbB2 (membrane signals) (Figure 9B) transgenes, quantitation and comparison of relative intensities of the fluorescent and immunocytochemical signals of the respective transgenes were carried out in normal ducts, ducts with hyperplasia, ducts with carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive carcinoma.