Studies not distinguishing between membranous and cytoplasmic staining described CD138 positivity in 37% of 501 [11], 37% of 232 [22], 96% of 54 cancers [49], 38% of 32 Gleason sum 6 cancers [16], 32% of 44 Gleason sum 7 cancers [16], 38% of 99 hormone-refractory cancers [26], 3% of 151 localized cancers [26], and 42% of 12 cancers [19]. Here, SDC1 is linked to cancer.