The lack of DGE for TLR4 was particularly surprising given the relationship between the C5AR1 and TLR4 signaling pathways (44), the role of TLR4 in mediating the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (9), and recent evidence for upregulation of TLR4 in peripheral blood leukocytes from cows with clinical mastitis (16). Here, TLR4 is linked to mastitis.