Peptidoglycan of Lactobacillus casei (L. casei), Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. johnsonii) JCM 2012 and Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 was reported to suppress interleukin-12 (IL-12) production via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) which have been associated with autoimmune and inflammatory bowel diseases (94). Here, TLR2 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.