BDNF and ischemic stroke: Previous studies have concluded that MSCs exhibited anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, endogenous neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects in ischemic stroke (Souidi et al., 2013; Hao et al., 2014), and MSCs exerted their neuroprotective effects partly by secreting neurotrophic factors, such as VEGF, NGF, BDNF, and bFGF, etc. (Stonesifer et al., 2017; Barzegar et al., 2019).