For example, SARS-CoV-2, influenza and other respiratory viruses activate the cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in immune cells (typically monocytes and macrophages), which produces and activates interleukin (IL)-1β and further downstream cytokines, causing flu-like symptoms and tissue damage (28). Here, NLRP3 is linked to influenza.