ACTRN12610000219088 is currently testing the impact of metformin (1,000 mg) on LKB1 and AMPK signaling; NCT0430079 tests the impact of metformin in preventing grade 3–4 in (1) men and (2) post-menopausal women receiving treatment for ER/PR+, HER2-not amplified advanced breast cancer, with a PI3K-mutation [METALLICA trial]. Here, ESR1 is linked to breast carcinoma.