TNF and dengue disease: We showed that monocytes of healthy individuals who had severe dengue in the past when infected with different serotypes of the DENV produced higher viral loads, higher levels of IL-10, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1β and increased expression of RIG-I and NLRP3 when compared to monocytes of those with past non-severe dengue (Kamaladasa et al., 2019).