IL1B and infection: IL-1β has been reported to modulate various aspects of immune function including the increased expression of adhesion molecules that can promote monocyte/macrophage and neutrophil infiltration to infection sites as well as the induction of CX3CL1/Fractalkine by IECs (Huang et al., 1996; Muehlhoefer et al., 2000; Dinarello, 2009).