In almost half of the cytokine profiles analyzed, infection with HS, 97-3250, or 4865/96 resulted in significantly lower levels of several cytokines (CCL27, CCL11, CXCL6, IL-10, IL-16, CCL7, CXCL9, CCL23, CCL17, & CCL19) compared to uninfected cells, and these cytokine levels were no greater than 20 pg/mL in infected cells (data not shown), except for CXCL1 and CXCL12 (Figure 5). Here, CXCL12 is linked to infection.