GLP1R and Hyperglycemia: A recent study showed that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) using fecal material from metformin-treated mice can not only upregulate the expression of GLP-1 and pattern-recognition receptors TLR1 and TLR4 to improve hyperglycemia caused by a high-fat diet (HFD), but can also downregulate the expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-18 (Lee et al., 2019) which has been identified as a possible risk factor for CVD (Jefferis et al., 2011).