Interestingly, ZAP-70 appears to play a role to determine the environmental triggered TLR response in CLL: A recent study from our lab has elucidated that expression of ZAP-70 in CLL is strongly predictive of TLR9 agonists-mediated anti-apoptotic effects and cell proliferation, likely through mediating SYK activation, IgM secretion and Bim degradation (26). The gene discussed is TLR9; the disease is B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.