TNF and COVID-19: Cytokines found to be elevated in the plasma of patients with severe COVID-19 include interleukin-1β (IL-1 β), IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon γ (IFN-γ), macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP)-1α and β (also called CCL3 and CCL4), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2), C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (30–32).