The level of VWCE mRNA expression was lower in moderately invasive cells (MCF-7 and BT474) than in non-tumorigenic MCF-10A cells, and was the lowest in highly invasive cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-453, SKBR-3, and MDA-MB-231), as assessed by reverse transcription-PCR (Figure 1A). Here, VWCE is linked to cancer.