ATF3 and Insulin resistance: This reduced HDAC activity is mainly attributed to decreased HDAC5 and HDAC6 (class II HDAC) levels in WAT, which are accompanied by a decrease in inducible cAMP early repressor (Icer) function and an increase in its target activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3), associated with insulin resistance (Bricambert et al., 2016).