INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Dietary interventions, including IF and CR, markedly reduce adipocyte size and depot weights in rodent models of obesity (Wheatley et al., 2011; Kim K.H. et al., 2017; Liu B. et al., 2019; Miyamoto et al., 2019), and confer improvements in adipose tissue inflammation and insulin sensitivity (Anson et al., 2003; Wheatley et al., 2011; Duncan et al., 2016; Gotthardt et al., 2016; Kim K.H. et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017; Kim Y.H. et al., 2019; Liu B. et al., 2019; Figure 3).