These results indicate that this PP2A inhibition can lead to excessive phosphorylation of a large number of proteins in cells, and the hyperphosphorylation of these proteins is likely to be associated with the mechanism by which MC-LR and ctHBx function in HCC (Humpage et al., 2000; Mezhoud et al., 2008). Here, PTPA is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.