However, when considering the well-recognized G-CSF-mediated induction of tolerogenic DCs in immune-mediated diseases—such as infection, graft-vs-host disease, multiple sclerosis, lupus nephritis and inflammatory bowel disease (18, 19)—it is reasonable to speculate that G-CSF may regulate the phenotypes and functions of decidua-infiltrated DCs. This evidence concerns the gene CSF3 and infection.