PIK3CA and breast carcinoma: Further characterization of the role of PD-L1 in chemotherapy resistance in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells discovered that PD-L1 knockdown suppresses the expression of multidrug resistance 1/P-glycoprotein (MDR1/P-gp) via PI3K/AKT pathway in vitro (196); recognizing this has an additional therapeutic target.