Although the vast majority of studies focus on understanding the roles of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in bacterial infections (once these receptors are known to recognize peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide, respectively), these receptors are also important in fungal infections because they bind to glucan/mannan and rhamnose, respectively (44, 45). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and fungal infectious disease.