TNF and coinfection: Co-infection of E. maxima with C. perfringens suppressed the expression of IFNα, IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, NO, and transforming growth factor-β4 genes, but increased the expression of IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, and lipopolysaccharide-induced TNFα factor (35).