TNF and coinfection: Although miRNA-155 is the only microRNA up-regulated in macrophages in the presence of LRV1 in a TLR-3/TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFNβ (TRIF)-dependent manner, the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, and IFNβ) and the mRNA expression of IFNβ or the phosphorylation of IRF-3 of primary murine macrophages are not dependent on miRNA-155 in response to poly I:C or co-infection with L. guyanensis and LRV1 (50).