TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Although T1D individuals with complications show considerable derangement in immunological processes like having elevated concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as compared to individuals without complications (9), the extent of contribution of immunological factors to the development of vascular complications in patients with T1D is poorly understood.