Indeed, genetic silencing of both AMPK and FoxO3a prevented the CO2-induced myotubes diameter reduction and MuRF1 induction, and overexpression of FoxO3a constructs holding serine-to-alanine mutations of the AMPK-specific targeted sites led to the same effects, strongly suggesting that chronic CO2 elevation contributes to muscle atrophy via AMPK/FoxO3/MuRF1 (Jaitovich et al., 2015). Here, TRIM63 is linked to Atrophy.