PPARγ, which could be regulated by TRIB3, was reported that inhibited TGF-β signaling and acted as a link between pro-proliferative TGF-β and anti-proliferative bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) signalings in vascular smooth muscle cells and inhibited pulmonary arterial hypertension (Calvier et al., 2017). Here, TGFB1 is linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension.