Four pathways were enriched in both the cases and controls (cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, Epstein-Barr virus infection, Influenza A, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway), six additional pathways were enriched in the controls but not in the cases (TNF signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, transcriptional misregulation in cancer, measles, herpes simplex virus 1 infection, and NF-kappa B signaling pathway) and one additional pathway was enriched in the cases but not in the controls (necroptosis) (Fig. 2A–B). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is influenza.