Our comprehensive study of mRNA regulation of TLRs furthermore revealed NEC-associated decreases in jejunal and ileal expression of Tlr1 (up to −58%), Tlr3 (−42%; Supplementary Fig. 3h, j), Tlr5 (−74%), Tlr6 (−93%), Tlr9 (−70%), Tlr11 (−94%), and Tlr12 (−92%; Fig. 3i, j, l–n) in both WT and IL-37tg NEC pups compared to their respective dam-fed controls. Here, TLR9 is linked to necrotizing enterocolitis.