In comparison to healthy controls, influenza-infected patients likewise exhibited significant up-regulation of all of cytokines up-regulated among patients with COVID-19, but influenza-infected patients also exhibited significantly greater abundances (compared to COVID-19–infected patients) of a number of cytokines with known inflammatory and immunomodulatory roles, including MIG, IL-1RA, IL-2R, IL-2, IL-17f, and IL-12 (fig. This evidence concerns the gene IL17F and influenza.