In fact, positive PCR/ESI–MS (≥ 17 GE/well) and negative AF cultures are reportedly associated with increased rates of intra-amniotic inflammation (AF IL-6 levels ≥ 2.6 ng/mL) and acute histologic chorioamnionitis, thus occurring in 90% (9/10) and 70% (7/10) of the PTL patients with this condition, respectively52. The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is atrial fibrillation.