VTN and cancer: A number of studies have reported that Ech is a potent antagonist of integrins αvβ3, αIIbβ3, and α5β1 for cancer therapy and inhibits HUVEC adhesion to immobilized fibronectin and vitronectin, as well as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and adhesion of metastatic human osteosarcoma [6,10,24,25,26,38].