Given the differences in the prevalence and severity of SLE between different ancestries [32], our strategy was to take advantage of the minor allele frequency differences for risk alleles between ancestries to track down the causal risk alleles at IKZF1 and IKZF3. Through a combination of aligning tag SNPs on European risk haplotypes with the corresponding alleles in non-Europeans and subsequent fine-mapping using the multi-ancestral SLE ImmunoChip dataset, we identified the core risk haplotypes at both loci. This evidence concerns the gene IKZF1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.