CCR4 and cancer: On the one hand, the activation of NF-kappa B can cause immune defense and target transformed cells; on the other hand, NF-κB is constitutively activated in many types of cancer and can play a variety of cancer-promoting roles.[53] Schulze-Osthoff et al found that complex crosstalk effects occur between the NF-κB pathway and members of the MAPK family.[54] In addition, the results of GSEA showed that CCR4 with low expression was enriched at the initiation and elongation of eukaryotic translation.