TNF and pneumonitis: To further identify the inflammatory mediators involved in SARS-COV-2-induced pneumonitis in rhesus macaques, we measured the protein levels of local cytokines and chemokines secreted in the lung tissues at 0, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 21 dpi, and 23 cytokines and chemokines, including proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1βand IL-6), Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-12), Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13), IL-17 cytokines and chemokines (MIP-1β/CCL4, MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1α/CCL3, and IL-8/CXCL8) etc., were observed on 3–9 dpi compared to archived normal tissues control.