CCL4 and infection: Finally, a marked increase in inflammatory chemokines MIP-1β/CCL4, MCP-1/CCL2, and IL-8/CXCL8, accompanied by an increase of inflammatory cytokines IL-15, IL-12, TNF-a, GM-CSF, and G-CSF, which was detected in the lung predominantly at day 7–9, the middle and late stage of infection.