Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for DKD revealed novel association (P = 1.2 × 10–8) with SNPs in the AFF3 gene, a transcriptional activator that influences renal fibrosis through the TGFβ1 pathway, in individuals who had progressed to end stage renal disease (Sandholm et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene AFF3 and chronic kidney disease.