IFNG and glioblastoma: For example, in human astrocytes and glioblastoma cells, tachyzoites are killed through nitric oxide (NO) and its growth is inhibited by the upregulation of IDO through the synergistic action of IFNγ and TNFα (Däubener et al., 1996; Suzuki et al., 2011; Bando et al., 2019).