TNF and infection: While mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-1β were greatly induced upon infection with either L.m. or C. acnes strains NCTC737 or Asn12 as well as upon stimulation with LPS, the induction of a type-I IFN response was only upregulated upon LPS treatment which could neither be seen with L.m. nor with any of the two C. acnes strains used (Supplementary Figure S2A).