To determine which of cognate ligands were also expressed at high levels in the OVC microenvironment as comparing to the peripheral blood, several ligands including those for the above receptors (PD-L1, CD48, galectin-9, HVEM (Herpes virus entry mediator), E-cadherin or galectin-3) were analyzed on epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive (EpCAM+) tumor cells and ligands for CTLA4 (CD80, CD86) on EpCAM-negative cells (antigen presenting cells and stromal cells) in 19 TILs/TALs. This evidence concerns the gene CD48 and neoplasm.