Higher IFNγ production was found in total PBMCs that were stimulated with NETs from lupus patients that previously had shown to contain ISG15 (Fig. 4b) compared to cells stimulated with NETs from healthy controls (Fig. 4c) (%IFNγ 6.5[6.31–10.1] vs 3.5[1.7–5.1]) p < 0.05). Here, ISG15 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.