Significantly, we identified a novel two-gene MPE-Mφ signature (IL-1β and TGF-β1) representing the M1/M2 tendency of the MPE-Mφ in each individual case, which showed a strong predictive power in patient overall survival (OS) in both our National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH) cohort (N = 60) and the Cancer Genome Atlas Lung Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-LUAD) dataset (N = 478) [22]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to lung adenocarcinoma.