In the same study, TNFR1‐deficient mice injected with melanoma cells displayed a significantly enhanced anti‐PD‐1 response compared to that in wild‐type mice.[56] Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an antitumor agent; however, the clinical application of TNF is limited by its induction of systemic cytotoxicity. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and melanoma.