MAPK3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: According to reports, APOM may exert anti-tumour effects by upregulating VDR expression in colon cancer cells11, while in non-small cell lung cancer, APOM may promote tumour cell proliferation and invasion by upregulating S1PR1 and activating the ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signalling pathways12.