Scaffold-based vaccines have utilized poly-lactide-co-glycolide matrices, cryogels, mesoporous silica rods, and pore-forming alginate gels to gradually release granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to concentrate and educate DCs with synthetic tumor antigens at a site of vaccination12,16–18. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.