PARP1 was shown to promote nuclear translocation of RelA (p65) in T. cruzi-infected cardiomyocytes (48) and to enhance NF-κB/AP-1 binding to the MMP9 promoter sequence in diabetic retinopathy (24) and JNK-dependent activation of AP-1 in murine fibroblasts (23). This evidence concerns the gene FOSB and diabetic retinopathy.