Moreover, intratumoral injection of OVs leads to immunological changes in the local tumor microenvironment with features of increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines as well as recruitment of immune effector cells, which increase the likelihood of refractory carcinomas response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and slow tumor growth under combination therapy [102–104]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.