In HF, VDAC expression is not changed, however, VDAC oligomerization induced by the Bcl2 like protein, BNIP3 [10], and in response to apoptotic stimuli [48], possibly through its PTM, may alter calcium entry into the intermembranous space and subsequently into the matrix leading to mitochondrial matrix calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Here, VDAC1 is linked to hydrops fetalis.