DPP4 and infection: Death related to infection or MACCEs were further investigated, which implied an insignificant lower risk in pioglitazone group than the DPP4-inhibitor group after PSSWs (7.42% vs. 7.98% per person-years, (HR): 0.85, 95% (CI): 0.721–1.006 for infection related death; 4.20% vs. 4.04% per person-years, (HR): 0.88, 95% (CI): 0.70–1.10 for MACCEs related death).