After excluding those had first diagnosis of T2DM before index date (n = 800), age under 20 years old (n = 1), incomplete demographic data (n = 46), malignancy before index date (n = 874), patients who died (n = 0) or have MACCEs (n = 4553) within 90 days before the index date, took both pioglitazone and DPP4-inhibitors within 90 days before the index date (n = 652), did not take either pioglitazone or DPP4-inhibitors within 90 days before index date (n = 14,844), there were 647 patients in the pioglitazone group and 6080 patients in the DPP4-inhibitor group (Figure 1). This evidence concerns the gene DPP4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.