LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Therefore, the purposes of this review are to (i) briefly describe the biological role in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiac diseases of main adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), myokines (irisin and apelin), and cardiokines (natriuretic peptides and follistatin-like 1); (ii) examine how nutritional interventions modify the expression of thek04se molecules.