Previous studies have also shown that lung epithelia secrete interleukin 8 (IL-8) in response to Ent alone or in combination with Lcn2.27,28 However, it remains unclear as to whether such a response could be recapitulated in IECs, which are more likely to be exposed to Ent-producing gut commensals under normal physiological conditions and in the absence of infection. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and infection.