Since taxanes are a standard of care for ESCC after progression with fluoropyrimidine/platinum chemotherapy evaluating the benefit of the addition of an EGFR inhibitor to docetaxel or paclitaxel in tumours that are EGFR CNG and/or EGFR protein overexpressed by IHC would be the most appropriate initial area of clinical investigation. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.