CCl4-induced increases in TNF-α and α-SMA mRNA expression were suppressed by clodronate liposomes (Fig. 2a), as were hepatocyte ROS levels and oxidative stress (Fig. 2b, c), implicating the involvement of macrophages in HSC activation, increased hepatocyte ROS, and oxidative stress during acute liver injury. The gene discussed is ACTA1; the disease is injury.